Nuclear requires enormous capital, long timescales, and regulatory risk; for this reason it often requires public guarantees, long-term contracts, or regulated models. However, fossil fuels and renewables also receive or have received support, market rules, incentives, guarantees, or external costs not fully accounted for. The question is not 'subsidy yes/no', but which market architecture remunerates capacity, reliability, and low emissions.
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47.
Does nuclear energy survive only thanks to public subsidies?
Partially true for many new projects, but poorly framed.
